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Weird science: Lasers deflected using air

Innovative concept changes the direction of laser light with the help of sound waves.

Using a novel method, beams of laser light can be deflected using air alone according to a team of researchers from a number of prominent German universities. An invisible grating made only of air is not only immune to damage from the laser light, but it also preserves the original quality of the beam, reports the interdisciplinary research group in the journal Nature Photonics. The researchers have applied for a patent for their method.

The innovative technique uses sound waves in order to modulate the air in the region where the laser beam is passing.

How to bend light with air
"We've generated an optical grating with the help of acoustic density waves," explains first author Yannick Schrodel, a Ph.D. student at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) and Helmholtz Institute Jena.

With the help of special loudspeakers, the researchers shape a pattern of dense and less dense areas in the air, forming a striped grating. In a way that is similar to how differential air densities bend the light in the Earth's atmosphere, the density pattern takes on the role of an optical grating that changes the direction of the laser light beam.

"However, deflecting light by diffraction grating allows much more precise control of the laser light compared to deflection in the Earth's atmosphere," says Schrodel. "The properties of the optical grating are influenced by the frequency and intensity -- in other words, the volume -- of the sound waves."

In the first laboratory tests, a strong infrared laser pulse could be redirected in this way with an efficiency of 50%. Significantly higher efficiencies should be possible in the future, according to numerical models.

An example of deflecting laser light by sound waves. [Image credit: DESY]

 

 

For the first test, the scientists had to turn their special loudspeakers way up. "We are moving at a sound level of about 140 decibels, which corresponds to a jet engine a few meters away," explains scientist Christoph Heyl from DESY and the Helmholtz Institute Jena, who is leading the research project. "Fortunately, we are in the ultrasound range, which our ears don't pick up."

See laser light deflected by sound waves in this animation. [Image credit: DESY]

The team sees great potential in the technique for high-performance optics. In their experiments, the researchers used an infrared laser pulse with a peak power of 20 gigawatts, which corresponds to the power of around two billion LED bulbs. Lasers of this and even higher power classes are used, for example, for material processing, in fusion research, or for the latest particle accelerators.

"In this power range, the material properties of mirrors, lenses, and prisms significantly limit their use, and such optical elements are easily damaged by strong laser beams in practice," explains Heyl. "In addition, the quality of the laser beam suffers. In contrast, we've managed to deflect laser beams in a quality-preserving way without contact."

The principle of acoustic control of laser light in gases is not limited to the generation of optical gratings, the scientists emphasize. It can probably also be transferred to other optical elements such as lenses and waveguides.

"We've been thinking about this method for a long time and quickly realized that extreme sound levels are necessary. At first, these seemed technically unfeasible," explains Heyl. "However, we did not give up and finally found a solution with the support of researchers at the Technical University of Darmstadt as well as the company Inoson. First, we tried out our technique with ordinary air. Next, for example, we will also use other gases in order to tap into other wavelengths and other optical properties and geometries."

The deflection of light directly into ambient air, which has already been demonstrated, opens up promising applications, especially as a fast switch for high-power lasers. "The potential of contactless control of light and its extension to other applications can currently only be imagined," explains Heyl. "Modern optics is based almost exclusively on the interaction of light with solid matter. Our approach opens up a completely new direction."

Researchers from the Technical University of Darmstadt, Aalen University of Applied Sciences, Universitat Hamburg, Inoson GmbH in St. Ingbert, the Helmholtz Institute Jena, and DESY were involved in the work.

Source: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)

Published October 2023

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